The old port of Mandraki, where this tour begins, is believed to be the site of the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Historic sites abound in Rhodes, as you will soon discover after enjoying a panoramic view of the city and Rhodes Bay from atop Monte Smith.

Visit the fully restored 14th-century Grand Masters Palace, which contains beautiful alabaster windows, French and Venetian furniture, and floor mosaics with scenes from Greek mythology. It served as a fortress in times of war, and a residence for the Grand Master and a meeting place for senior knights during times of peace. As you continue down the Avenue of the Knights, where the knights lived, the cobblestoned street seems to exude a noble and somewhat forbidden aura, as its lofty buildings stretch in an unbroken wall of honey-colored stone, punctuated by huge doorways and arched windows. At the conclusion of this tour, you can either return to ship, or remain in the old town to explore further on your own.

This unforgettable excursion will have you traveling along the coastlines on the Sir Francis Drakes Highway heading through small villages such as Capoons Bay, Apple Bay, Carrot Bay, and then you will ascend about 900 feet above sea level between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Photo stops will be made along the way.

Enjoy stunning views and the different shades of beautiful water. Your knowledgeable driver/guide will keep you constant company as the history and culture of the island is related via the public address system. At Long Bay beach, enjoy a relaxing swim in the crystal- clear water or just relax to the singing of the waves along the seashore.

Venture into the bushveld of the Eastern Cape to Lalibela Game Reserve. The reserve is not only home to the Big 5 but also spans across 5 unique eco-systems which means that you will be treated to a wide assortment of flora and fauna. During your time at Lalibela you will uncover how this reserve is taking special care to preserve this special piece of the African wilds while experiencing a truly breath-taking getaway.

Special Note: Any guests travelling with Portable Oxygen Concentrators (POC) or CPAP breathing machines should read further below for airline stipulations with regards to bringing this equipment on tour.

Program details and the number of game drives are subject to change depending on flight details:

DAY 1
Upon disembarkation in Cape Town, you will be met by a local English-speaking representative who will accompany you on your transfer to the Cape Town Airport where you will check in for a flight to Port Elizabeth.

On arrival at the Port Elizabeth Airport, you will be met by a local representative who will accompany you on the transfer to Lalibela Game Reserve. Travel time by road is approximately 1.5 hours.

Mark’s Camp is Lalibela’s family-friendly lodge. It has 8 stone and thatch chalets, decorated in a relaxed Pan-African style. Each comfortably furnished chalet has an en-suite bathroom, air-conditioning and ceiling-fans for those warm summer nights. All of the chalets open up onto your own private viewing deck.

Blessed with a large waterhole in front of the lodge, it is not uncommon for guests to see antelope, giraffe, elephant and predators coming to the waterhole. Mark’s Camp has an outdoor dining “boma” for fireside dinners and open-air brunches, as well as a gracious indoor dining area.

Depending on the time of arrival, you may enjoy lunch and then free time at the lodge. In the afternoon, you will gather in the main lodge for tea followed by an open-vehicle game drive. Later, you will return to the lodge for dinner and to spend the evening.

DAY 2
After an early morning wake-up call enjoy tea, coffee and biscuits before you head out into the wild for an early morning game drive in search of the Big Five and countless other fascinating creatures that make their home in the Eastern Cape.

Return to the lodge for breakfast, after which you have the remainder of the day at leisure.
Lunch will be served in the lodge.

Later in the afternoon enjoy afternoon tea before embarking on your evening game drive. Enjoy drinks and snacks in the bush at sundown, before returning to the lodge for dinner.

DAY 3
Another early morning start allows you one last chance to head out into the wild for a morning game drive.
On your return, breakfast will be served followed by check-out.

Depart the lodge together with an English-speaking representative, who will accompany you on the road transfer to Port Elizabeth harbor where you will rejoin the ship.

Land Program Step by Step:
Please note: The order of sites visited may vary to avoid congestion. This program is subject to flight confirmations that are beyond our control. All program details, including timings and any flights indicated below, are approximate and are given here for general reference purposes and are subject to change. Direct flights are never guaranteed. Final itineraries with the most up to date details will be provided by the Shore Excursion Team once you board the ship. Please review your final itinerary carefully for any amendments.

Day 1 - timings are dependent on actual flight times once assigned, below is a sample itinerary
9:30am Transfer from Cape Town harbor to Cape Town International Airport
10:00am Check-in for a flight to Port Elizabeth
11:35am Flight: Port Elizabeth – Cape Town (flight details TBA and subject to change)
12:45pm Arrive in Port Elizabeth and collect your luggage
1:15pm Transfer by road to Lalibela Game Reserve
2:30pm On arrival at the lodge enjoy a welcome drink and check-in formalities (lunch is time permitting)
3:30pm Gather for afternoon tea at the main lodge
4:00pm Afternoon game drive
7:00pm Return to the lodge
7:30pm Dinner at the lodge
Overnight at Lalibela Marks Camp

Day 2
5:30am Early wake-up call, gather in the living area for tea, coffee & biscuits
6:00am Early morning game drive
9:00am Breakfast at the lodge
1:00pm Lunch at the lodge
3:30pm Gather for afternoon tea at the main lodge
4:00pm Afternoon game drive
7:00pm Guests return to the lodge
7:30pm Dinner at the lodge
Overnight at Lalibela Marks Camp

Day 3
5:30am Early wake-up call, gather in the living area for tea, coffee & biscuits
6:00am Early morning game drive
9:00am Breakfast at the lodge
10:00am Gather your belonging and proceed with check out formalities
11:00am Transfer by road to Port Elizabeth harbor
12:30pm Approximate arrival time at Port Elizabeth harbor

Expected Weather: 2
South Africa’s seasons are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere. Midwinter is June and midsummer is December and January. The climate varies from region to region but is generally mild throughout the year. Expect it to be hot during the day and much cooler in the evenings.
On average - 25°C / 77°F

What to Bring:
Sunhat, sunblock, camera, binoculars, something warm as the mornings and evenings may be cool

Local Currency:
ZAR (credit cards accepted)

Electricity
South Africa’s electrical system is 220/230 volts A/C 50 cycles.
If you bring electric devices make sure to bring an international converter kit complete with a set of adapter plugs.
Outlets in South Africa require a three-pronged adapter plug with 3 round prongs.
Be aware, however, that overnight recharging may not be possible where generator use restricts the availability of electricity.

Luggage information
On the flight, guests are permitted to check-in 1 piece of luggage at a maximum of 23 kg (50 lbs.) and maximum dimension of 158 cm (62 inches). Hand luggage cannot exceed 3 kg (7 lbs).

Carriage of Portable Oxygen Concentrators (POC) or CPAP breathing machines on internal flights per airline regulations (subject to change as each airline has their own regulations)

1. Guests must obtain a Doctor’s Certificate mentioning their medical condition and the need to carry this equipment with them on their flights.
2. The certificate should have attached a picture of the equipment with its description/specifications especially with regards to the type of batteries used (lithium/dry or any other type)
3. These documents need to be sent to the Shore Excursion Team via Reservations at NCL at least one month prior to travel so that our local operator can begin the notification process with the airline(s).
4. Failure to comply with the above regulations may result in a denial of this equipment at the airport for which NCL nor our local ground operator be responsible for.

Documents and Visa Requirements:
Please consultant the embassy to obtain the latest visa regulations for your nationality.
Guests should bring their passport with them

VERY IMPORTANT – The name on your cruise booking, passport and any visas if required, must all be exactly the same for flight ticket purchase for this program otherwise guests may be denied travel by flight. Please ensure that all documents are identical in spelling to the names provided for your cruise reservation including first, middle and last name. Manifests generated by the cruise line must match your travel documents.

Please Note:

• The contents and order of activities in this program are subject to change by the lodge management without prior notice, due to the prevailing weather conditions and movement of dangerous wildlife on the Reserve.
• During early morning game drives in open vehicles it can be a little cool. We recommend that guests take along a jacket or windbreaker.
• Please note that the game drive vehicles traverse over uneven terrain and that the game-drives can be “bumpy”. This tour is therefore not recommended for guests with back problems.
• Wildlife sightings are not guaranteed
• No children under 2 years of age are permitted on safari.
• This program is not fully guided. Local representatives will assist you with your transfers however, the program at the lodge is run solely and at the discretion by the lodge staff.

Program Includes:

• 2 nights at Lalibela Marks Camp (chalet) on a fully inclusive basis - accommodation, game drives, meals and local house drinks
• Road transfers in luxury air-conditioned touring vehicles
• Registered English-speaking driver/guide to accompany guests for transfers only
• 1 x 500 ml bottles of mineral water per person on transfers
• Porterage for maximum 1 piece of luggage per person
• Economy class flight per the itinerary

We will only substitute hotels in unforeseen situations. If similar hotels are substituted, they will be of equal ratings and standards. If you are not notified of any changes before your sailing, then you will be staying at the lodge listed in the program.

Program excludes:

• Personal expenses such as telephone calls; curio shop purchases; laundry, hotel incidentals etc.
• Additional beverages and meals not mentioned in the itinerary
• Visa fees
• Excess or overweight luggage fees on flight
• Gratuities to drivers, luggage porters, tour guides and safari guides
• Any other discounts or promos offered by NCL including but not limited to Latitude and Free at Sea discounts

All land programs are capacity controlled and subject to availability. Programs falling under the minimum number of required participants are subject to cancellation. Pricing listed is also subject to change to meet unexpected cost increases for transportation, land arrangements or currency fluctuations. Not combinable with any other discounts or promos including but not limited to Latitude and Free at Sea discounts.

Once purchased, pricing is guaranteed and not subject to change. Mid-cruise overland programs must be purchased no later than 60 days prior to your sail date. Cancellations made within 60 days or less prior to the sail date are subject to 100% cancellation penalty.

Capture the moment by taking the perfect selfie photo in Florence & Pisa! Instantly share your experience with family & friends on your favorite social media site as many of the stops will include wi-fi in real time. Professional photographers & selfie experts will teach you how to take the best selfie photo including composition, posing, lighting etc. Capture the spirit of this incredible destination.

Your tour will start with a scenic drive from the ship to Piazza della Signoria. Your walking tour will have designated selfie stops at: • Piazza della Signoria
• Santa Maria de Fiore Cathedral
• Piazza della Repubblica
• Ponte Vecchio
• Piazzale Michelangelo
• The Tower of Pisa

To make this experience even more fun, you will be provided with a selfie stick and utilize our Selfie Station in order to help catch the perfect picture. During the tour, you will stop for some traditional treats and a wine tasting.

Relax on this panoramic driving tour of Corsica’s spectacular interior, a land little-changed over centuries. Pass through Cuaro village and beautifully rugged, mountainous terrain, resplendent with lush forests. You’ll see the dense shrubbery known as “maquis” blanketing the countryside and inhale the extraordinarily fragrant evergreen, interspersed with aromatic lavender, myrtle and wild mint. Journey past modest vineyards and cultivated fields before you enter peaceful Pineta Forest, dominated by tall, striking laricio pines, expansive chestnuts and dramatic beech trees. Enter heart-stopping Prunelli Gorges with its jagged granite walls and descend through serpentine twists and curves. Arrive ultimately at serene, man-made Tolla Lake, source of Ajaccio’s hydro-electric power, and snap a postcard-worthy photo. Sharp pinnacles emerge from the forest just past Tolla, a ridge-top village nestled into the mountainside, then the amazing vista opens to an expanse of fertile valley below. Delight in numerous picturesque hamlets, including Ocana, known for austere granite homes, and imagine everyday life in this timeless land.

Capture the moment by taking the perfect selfie photo in Dubrovnik! Instantly share your experience with family & friends on your favorite social media site as many of the stops will include wi-fi in real time. Professional photographers & selfie experts will teach you how to take the best selfie photo including composition, posing, lighting etc. Capture the spirit of this incredible destination.

Your tour will start with a scenic drive from the ship to the Rivera Viewpoint. Your walking tour will have designated selfie stops at: • The Rivera Viewpoint
• The Stradun
• Assumption Cathedral
• Jesuit Staircase
• Pile Gate

To make this experience even more fun, you will be provided with a selfie stick and utilize our Selfie Station in order to help catch the perfect picture. During the tour, you will experience a Sweet Prošek wine tasting.

Hop on our classic-like trolley bus for an enjoyable and fun way to visit the highlights of downtown Cozumel and have some spare time for strolling and shopping by the main square.

After meeting your guide at the pier, you will board your trolley and enjoy the sightseeing as well as the entertaining narrative about Cozumel's fascinating history. Visit key points of the city such as the Church of the Cross. It was built in 2018 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the first mass celebrated on the island – and in Mexico.

Stretch the legs and explore the shops by the main square. Find goods from all over; from cheerful crafts to sophisticated brand clothing, jewelry, and perfumes.

Don't miss the opportunity to take some selfies by the colorful Cozumel add or the gigantic Mexican flag before it is time to go back to the ship after a memorable outing.

Capture the moment by taking the perfect selfie photo in Naples! Instantly share your experience with family & friends on your favorite social media site as many of the stops will include wi-fi in real time. Professional photographers & selfie experts will teach you how to take the best selfie photo including composition, posing, lighting etc. Capture the spirit of this incredible destination.

Your tour will start with a scenic drive from the ship to Sorrento. Your walking tour will have designated selfie stops at: • Sorrento Viewpoint
• Lift to Water Viewpoint
• Villa Communale
• Piazza Tasso
• Basilica Reale Pontificia San Francesco da Paola
• Castle Nuovo

To make this experience even more fun, you will be provided with a selfie stick and utilize our Selfie Station in order to help catch the perfect picture. During the tour, you will get to taste traditional Neapolitan pizza and local beer.

Venture into the bushveld of the Eastern Cape to Lalibela Game Reserve. The reserve is not only home to the Big 5 but also spans across 5 unique eco-systems which means that you will be treated to a wide assortment of flora and fauna. During your time at Lalibela you will uncover how this reserve is taking special care to preserve this special piece of the African wilds while experiencing a truly breath-taking getaway.

Special Note: Any guests travelling with Portable Oxygen Concentrators (POC) or CPAP breathing machines should read further below for airline stipulations with regards to bringing this equipment on tour.

Program details and the number of game drives are subject to change depending on flight details:

DAY 1
Upon disembarkation in Cape Town, you will be met by a local English-speaking representative who will accompany you on your transfer to the Cape Town Airport where you will check in for a flight to Port Elizabeth.

On arrival at the Port Elizabeth Airport, you will be met by a local representative who will accompany you on the transfer to Lalibela Game Reserve. Travel time by road is approximately 1.5 hours.

Mark’s Camp is Lalibela’s family-friendly lodge. It has 8 stone and thatch chalets, decorated in a relaxed Pan-African style. Each comfortably furnished chalet has an en-suite bathroom, air-conditioning and ceiling-fans for those warm summer nights. All of the chalets open up onto your own private viewing deck.

Blessed with a large waterhole in front of the lodge, it is not uncommon for guests to see antelope, giraffe, elephant and predators coming to the waterhole. Mark’s Camp has an outdoor dining “boma” for fireside dinners and open-air brunches, as well as a gracious indoor dining area.

Depending on the time of arrival, you may enjoy lunch and then free time at the lodge. In the afternoon, you will gather in the main lodge for tea followed by an open-vehicle game drive. Later, you will return to the lodge for dinner and to spend the evening.

DAY 2
After an early morning wake-up call enjoy tea, coffee and biscuits before you head out into the wild for an early morning game drive in search of the Big Five and countless other fascinating creatures that make their home in the Eastern Cape.

Return to the lodge for breakfast, after which you have the remainder of the day at leisure.
Lunch will be served in the lodge.

Later in the afternoon enjoy afternoon tea before embarking on your evening game drive. Enjoy drinks and snacks in the bush at sundown, before returning to the lodge for dinner.

DAY 3
Another early morning start allows you one last chance to head out into the wild for a morning game drive.
On your return, breakfast will be served followed by check-out.

Depart the lodge together with an English-speaking representative, who will accompany you on the road transfer to Port Elizabeth harbor where you will rejoin the ship.

Land Program Step by Step:
Please note: The order of sites visited may vary to avoid congestion. This program is subject to flight confirmations that are beyond our control. All program details, including timings and any flights indicated below, are approximate and are given here for general reference purposes and are subject to change. Direct flights are never guaranteed. Final itineraries with the most up to date details will be provided by the Shore Excursion Team once you board the ship. Please review your final itinerary carefully for any amendments.

Day 1 - timings are dependent on actual flight times once assigned, below is a sample itinerary
9:30am Transfer from Cape Town harbor to Cape Town International Airport
10:00am Check-in for a flight to Port Elizabeth
11:35am Flight: Port Elizabeth – Cape Town (flight details TBA and subject to change)
12:45pm Arrive in Port Elizabeth and collect your luggage
1:15pm Transfer by road to Lalibela Game Reserve
2:30pm On arrival at the lodge enjoy a welcome drink and check-in formalities (lunch is time permitting)
3:30pm Gather for afternoon tea at the main lodge
4:00pm Afternoon game drive
7:00pm Return to the lodge
7:30pm Dinner at the lodge
Overnight at Lalibela Marks Camp

Day 2
5:30am Early wake-up call, gather in the living area for tea, coffee & biscuits
6:00am Early morning game drive
9:00am Breakfast at the lodge
1:00pm Lunch at the lodge
3:30pm Gather for afternoon tea at the main lodge
4:00pm Afternoon game drive
7:00pm Guests return to the lodge
7:30pm Dinner at the lodge
Overnight at Lalibela Marks Camp

Day 3
5:30am Early wake-up call, gather in the living area for tea, coffee & biscuits
6:00am Early morning game drive
9:00am Breakfast at the lodge
10:00am Gather your belonging and proceed with check out formalities
11:00am Transfer by road to Port Elizabeth harbor
12:30pm Approximate arrival time at Port Elizabeth harbor

Expected Weather: 2
South Africa’s seasons are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere. Midwinter is June and midsummer is December and January. The climate varies from region to region but is generally mild throughout the year. Expect it to be hot during the day and much cooler in the evenings.
On average - 25°C / 77°F

What to Bring:
Sunhat, sunblock, camera, binoculars, something warm as the mornings and evenings may be cool

Local Currency:
ZAR (credit cards accepted)

Electricity
South Africa’s electrical system is 220/230 volts A/C 50 cycles.
If you bring electric devices make sure to bring an international converter kit complete with a set of adapter plugs.
Outlets in South Africa require a three-pronged adapter plug with 3 round prongs.
Be aware, however, that overnight recharging may not be possible where generator use restricts the availability of electricity.

Luggage information
On the flight, guests are permitted to check-in 1 piece of luggage at a maximum of 23 kg (50 lbs.) and maximum dimension of 158 cm (62 inches). Hand luggage cannot exceed 3 kg (7 lbs).

Carriage of Portable Oxygen Concentrators (POC) or CPAP breathing machines on internal flights per airline regulations (subject to change as each airline has their own regulations)

1. Guests must obtain a Doctor’s Certificate mentioning their medical condition and the need to carry this equipment with them on their flights.
2. The certificate should have attached a picture of the equipment with its description/specifications especially with regards to the type of batteries used (lithium/dry or any other type)
3. These documents need to be sent to the Shore Excursion Team via Reservations at NCL at least one month prior to travel so that our local operator can begin the notification process with the airline(s).
4. Failure to comply with the above regulations may result in a denial of this equipment at the airport for which NCL nor our local ground operator be responsible for.

Documents and Visa Requirements:
Please consultant the embassy to obtain the latest visa regulations for your nationality.
Guests should bring their passport with them

VERY IMPORTANT – The name on your cruise booking, passport and any visas if required, must all be exactly the same for flight ticket purchase for this program otherwise guests may be denied travel by flight. Please ensure that all documents are identical in spelling to the names provided for your cruise reservation including first, middle and last name. Manifests generated by the cruise line must match your travel documents.

Please Note:

• The contents and order of activities in this program are subject to change by the lodge management without prior notice, due to the prevailing weather conditions and movement of dangerous wildlife on the Reserve.
• During early morning game drives in open vehicles it can be a little cool. We recommend that guests take along a jacket or windbreaker.
• Please note that the game drive vehicles traverse over uneven terrain and that the game-drives can be “bumpy”. This tour is therefore not recommended for guests with back problems.
• Wildlife sightings are not guaranteed
• No children under 2 years of age are permitted on safari.
• This program is not fully guided. Local representatives will assist you with your transfers however, the program at the lodge is run solely and at the discretion by the lodge staff.

Program Includes:

• 2 nights at Lalibela Marks Camp (chalet) on a fully inclusive basis - accommodation, game drives, meals and local house drinks
• Road transfers in luxury air-conditioned touring vehicles
• Registered English-speaking driver/guide to accompany guests for transfers only
• 1 x 500 ml bottles of mineral water per person on transfers
• Porterage for maximum 1 piece of luggage per person
• Economy class flight per the itinerary

We will only substitute hotels in unforeseen situations. If similar hotels are substituted, they will be of equal ratings and standards. If you are not notified of any changes before your sailing, then you will be staying at the lodge listed in the program.

Program excludes:

• Personal expenses such as telephone calls; curio shop purchases; laundry, hotel incidentals etc.
• Additional beverages and meals not mentioned in the itinerary
• Visa fees
• Excess or overweight luggage fees on flight
• Gratuities to drivers, luggage porters, tour guides and safari guides
• Any other discounts or promos offered by NCL including but not limited to Latitude and Free at Sea discounts

All land programs are capacity controlled and subject to availability. Programs falling under the minimum number of required participants are subject to cancellation. Pricing listed is also subject to change to meet unexpected cost increases for transportation, land arrangements or currency fluctuations. Not combinable with any other discounts or promos including but not limited to Latitude and Free at Sea discounts.

Once purchased, pricing is guaranteed and not subject to change. Mid-cruise overland programs must be purchased no later than 60 days prior to your sail date. Cancellations made within 60 days or less prior to the sail date are subject to 100% cancellation penalty.

Experience Bruges like a local by exploring areas off the beaten path but still in the shadow of landmarks such as Kruispoort. Although you will stop at this 15th-century gate, the sites that lie ahead will reveal a lesser-known but not less spectacular side of Bruges. You will see windmills along medieval ramparts, follow atmospheric lanes through residential neighborhoods and pause at the bridges and inner canals that gave Bruges its nickname, the Venice of the North. Upon arriving in St. Anne’s, you will behold the Jerusalem Chapel, which was designed to mirror the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. By the 16th century, Bruges had become a textile center for woven lace, and you will observe a demonstration of this artisan trade that continues to flourish. Another way to become immersed in local life is at the Markt, a sprawling square that has been a marketplace for more than 1,000 years.

HIGHLIGHTS:
• Explore atmospheric areas of Bruges that are typically unknown to all but the locals.
• Cross landmark canals that gave Bruges its nickname, the Venice of the North.
• Watch a demonstration of lace making, a trade that has flourished in Bruges for centuries.

Capture the moment by taking the perfect selfie photo in Kotor! Instantly share your experience with family & friends on your favorite social media site as many of the stops will include wi-fi in real time. Professional photographers & selfie experts will teach you how to take the best selfie photo including composition, posing, lighting etc. Capture the spirit of this incredible destination.

Your tour will start with a scenic drive from the ship to Sveti Stefan. Your walking tour will have designated selfie stops at: • Sveti Stefan
• The Narrow Streets
• Saint Ivan Church
• Holity Church
• Citadela Fortress
• Ham of Njegusi

To make this experience even more fun, you will be provided with a selfie stick and utilize our Selfie Station in order to help catch the perfect picture. End your picture-perfect day with a wine tasting in Buvda and some free time in the Old Town.

Spend an enlightening day on a farm in nearby Alevropari, where you will experience country life with the owners. Before reaching Bioporos farm you will stop at the traditional village of Agios Matheos and explore the real Corfiot Village life. Once you arrive at Bioporos, Kriton the elder son of the family will be your host, Although you won’t be doing any real chores, you will share a few fun responsibilities such as feeding the horses and the donkey. You will also have the opportunity to tour the farm, which will give you a greater understanding of Greek rural life. During the course of the day, you will pick ripe tomatoes and cucumbers, sample fresh herbs from the garden and see the farm’s beehives. Spending the day as a farmer will provide you with a genuine look at country life that few visitors ever experience. You will have a cooking demonstration for the family’s lunch from the daughter of the family Afterwards, you will travel though the coastal part of Corfu and drive along the sea on the way back to the port.

HIGHLIGHTS:

• Experience Greek country life with the owners of a farm near the village of Alevropari.
• Do fun chores such as feeding the horses, the donkeys and picking ripe vegetables.
• Sample home made fruit dessert with coffee.
• Reconvene with the farm owners at their residence in Alevropari to further discuss rural life.